Optical Communications Roadmap

Event Description 

• Date: 03 April 2025
• Time: 14:00-15:00 BST
• Location: techUK     
• Registration: Book your place here

Discussion overview

• Optical inter-satellite links are set to revolutionize satellite communication, offering higher bandwidth and improved data transfer speeds compared to traditional RF links.
• They provide more reliable and precise communication, especially between LEO satellites and GEO payloads.
• Leveraging the reliability of microwave links and the high bandwidth of optical communication to enhance satellite connectivity.
• These technologies are crucial for scaling satellite constellations, supporting diverse applications in sectors like communications, observation, and navigation.

Scaling Up Deployment of Optical Intersatellite Links

Optical inter-satellite links leverage laser technology to achieve unprecedented high-throughput data transfer. Unlike the wireless RF spectrum, which includes bands like S-band, Ka-band, and Ku-band, OISLs utilize the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum—ranging from approximately 300 GHz to 430 THz—offering exceptional bandwidth. This vast spectrum enables the encoding of significantly more data into the waveform. Compared to RF links, OISLs gather more energy, allowing for smaller, lighter, and more power-efficient laser transmitters and detectors.

Optical ISLs have been in use for a long time and are already deployed at scale on the Starlink platform, with each current-generation satellite equipped with three 200Gbit/s OISLs—amounting to approximately 10,000 OISLs in orbit today. 

With their extremely high bandwidth and secure connections, optical communications are driving optimism around laser-linked satellite constellations. The growing number of companies entering this field reflects the rising interest in these technologies. Furthermore, the precision of laser transmissions minimizes disturbances, enabling much narrower and more reliable connections between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and payloads in Geostationary Orbit (GEO).

However, as international players continue to advance their capabilities, the UK must strengthen its position in this market to establish a sovereign, high-capacity (Tbit/s-class) supply chain and maintain a competitive edge.

Satellite constellations—networks of multiple satellites working together for communication, observation, or navigation—play a critical role in these advancements. Since ground stations are typically located in fixed, constrained areas, establishing robust inter-satellite links (ISLs) is essential for enabling Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) and ensuring seamless connectivity.

Towards Multi-Orbit Communications

Microwave and optical inter-satellite links represent the forefront of satellite communication technology. While microwave links provide reliable, robust communication, optical links offer unparalleled data transfer speeds and enhanced security. As satellite networks grow and missions become more ambitious, the integration of these technologies will define the future of space-based communications.

Hybrid systems that combine RF and optical technologies are emerging as a balanced solution, addressing both technological risks and cost concerns. By leveraging the reliability of microwave links for critical communication and the high bandwidth of optical links for data transfer, these systems provide resilience and efficiency.

Advancements in satellite tracking and laser pointing accuracy are further addressing the alignment challenges of optical communications. Large constellations of interconnected satellites will increasingly rely on both microwave and optical technologies, creating robust and efficient space-based communication networks. Through continued innovation, these technologies will unlock new possibilities, driving the next generation of satellite connectivity and exploration.

Next Steps

The next steps involve continued development and integration of hybrid inter-satellite link (ISL) systems that combine both microwave and optical technologies. This includes rigorous testing in real-world satellite environments to optimize performance, reliability, and efficiency. Special attention will be given to improving satellite tracking and laser pointing accuracy to overcome alignment challenges with optical links. Collaboration between space agencies, satellite manufacturers, and telecom companies will be crucial to establish standardized protocols and regulatory frameworks for seamless integration of these systems into global space communications networks.

Looking ahead, the scalability of large satellite constellations with interconnected ISLs should be explored further to support a range of applications, including high-speed data transfer, secure communication, and global coverage. Additionally, the expansion of ground-based infrastructure to support optical and microwave ISLs, as well as fostering public-private sector engagement, will be key to accelerating the rollout of these advanced communication technologies. This collaborative approach will drive the next generation of satellite connectivity, positioning the industry to meet future demands for reliable, high-capacity space-based communication systems.

Event Description  

• Date: June 2025 
• Time: TBC 
• Location: Aston University    

Discussion overview 

AI and machine learning, along with quantum technologies, require advanced optical infrastructure to support the increasing data demands and processing power needed. Optical fibers, offering high data transfer rates and low latency, are essential for the transmission of data between ground systems and satellite communications networks. 

The emergence of open initiatives in the ground-to-satellite communications sector provides opportunities for smaller players to enter the market. By leveraging open standards and collaborating in testbeds and interoperability labs, smaller companies can contribute to innovation and help drive the future of satellite communications infrastructure. 

The UK is focusing on the development of testbeds and interoperability labs to accelerate the adoption of advanced optical technologies in satellite communications. These initiatives are key for testing the compatibility of optical systems and improving overall network efficiency, fostering greater innovation and international collaboration. 

Addressing grand systems challenges in the field of ground-to-satellite communications is essential to encourage collaboration across industries and countries. By tackling large-scale problems, stakeholders can create solutions that address both current and future demands for optical infrastructure, AI/ML integration, and quantum technology in communications. 

The UK, along with other nations, is focusing on re-engaging in international research and development (R&D) partnerships. These collaborations will promote the sharing of knowledge and the development of cutting-edge optical technologies needed to support advanced ground-to-satellite communications networks. 

Role of Optical in UK Networks 

In the UK, optical fibre systems are integral to both fixed access networks and the broader mobile network infrastructure. The shift to fibre to the premises (FTTP) is gradually replacing older systems like fibre to the cabinet (FTTC), ensuring more direct connections for homes and businesses. FTTP offers an efficient means of providing high-speed internet through advanced network setups. 

For businesses with greater bandwidth needs, dedicated point-to-point (PtP) fibre connections are used. This technology is also applied in mobile networks, offering more robust connections with higher capacities. 

The ongoing rollout of 5G networks in the UK is driving increased demand for optical fibre, particularly to support the disaggregated Radio Access Networks (RAN) that allow for more flexible and efficient operation of mobile networks. This expansion also requires optical infrastructure to support high-speed mobile connections, especially in urban areas and industrial venues. 

In parallel, the rapid growth of AI and machine learning applications is putting significant pressure on optical interconnects, especially between data centres. The demand for higher capacity and energy-efficient solutions is driving innovations in optical technologies to meet future needs in the AI space. 

Recent advancements in optical circuit switches (OCS) are significantly enhancing network reliability and efficiency, particularly benefiting industries such as AI and cloud computing. Hyperscale service providers are continually looking for ways to boost transceiver bandwidth, increase reliability, and improve energy efficiency, all while reducing cost per bit.  

Recent advancements in optical circuit switches (OCS) are significantly enhancing network reliability and efficiency, particularly benefiting industries such as AI and cloud computing. Hyperscale service providers are continually looking for ways to boost transceiver bandwidth, increase reliability, and improve energy efficiency, all while reducing cost per bit.  

More than 95% of east-west traffic now flows through the implementation of all-optical circuit switches (OCS) layer, with OCS-aware traffic engineering enhancing management at the system level. The data-rate flexibility offered by OCS technology also facilitates the gradual upgrade of network bandwidth across the entire data centre fabric. This same OCS technology has contributed to increased reliability, availability, and throughput in AI supercomputing clusters as well. 

Strategic and Business Development Opportunities 

Attending this event presents an invaluable opportunity for businesses to gain insights into the rapidly evolving telecommunications landscape, particularly with the rise of optical fibre technologies, 5G networks, AI, and quantum computing. By understanding these emerging trends, businesses can position themselves to capitalize on the growing demand for high-performance communication infrastructure, driving potential new revenue streams and market opportunities. 

The event also offers a prime platform for networking with industry leaders, potential partners, and key decision-makers across telecoms, AI, and cloud computing. These connections can lead to collaborations, joint ventures, and strategic partnerships, helping businesses expand their reach and explore new business development avenues. Engaging with peers at the event provides valuable opportunities to shape the future of the sector through innovation and shared expertise. 

Lastly, the event will highlight cutting-edge technological advancements like optical circuit switches and co-packaged optics, offering businesses the chance to enhance their operational efficiency, reduce costs, and stay competitive in a fast-paced market. By staying informed on regulatory standards and R&D partnerships, businesses can refine their strategies and adapt to future developments, ensuring continued growth and success in this dynamic field. 

Event Description 

• Date: w/c 09 September 2025 
• Time: TBC 
• Location: Scotland

Discussion overview 

Satellite-to-ground connectivity is a rapidly evolving field, essential for global communication, remote sensing, and quantum cryptography. This event will delve into the key challenges facing satellite Free Space Optics (FSO) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), as well as the latest advancements in mitigating these issues. 

FSO systems offer a cost-effective and convenient alternative to laying optical fibre, particularly in areas where rapid deployment is needed. However, these systems face significant power losses due to the large divergence of laser beams relative to the optical detector size. Additionally, environmental factors such as atmospheric turbulence, fog, and cloud cover can degrade signal reliability, presenting further obstacles for stable communication. 

Building a Resilient UK Tech Ecosystem for Economic Growth 

In addition to exploring the advancements in satellite-to-ground connectivity, this event will also address the need for a UK capability that integrates developments in photonics, quantum technologies, cybersecurity, and semiconductors. By fostering an advanced internal supply chain, we can build a resilient ecosystem for both space and ground communications, ensuring long-term technological leadership and security. 

This effort will not only enhance national security and strategic independence but also drive innovation and economic growth within the UK technology sector. By leveraging cutting-edge research and industry collaboration, we can position the UK at the forefront of global advancements in secure and efficient communication technologies. Furthermore, fostering partnerships across academia, industry, and government will be crucial to ensuring the sustainability and adaptability of this ecosystem in the face of emerging challenges and opportunities. 

A key component of this initiative is the development of deep tech skills and expertise. Encouraging growth in areas such as advanced materials, design, and packaging will be vital for creating a workforce capable of driving future innovations. By investing in education, training programs, and research initiatives, we can ensure the UK remains a leader in technological advancements in space and maintains a competitive edge in the global landscape across technology areas.  

Additionally, by supporting startups and scale-ups in the deep tech sector, we can stimulate job creation, attract investment, and strengthen the UK's position as a hub for high-value industries, contributing significantly to long-term economic growth and prosperity. 

Key topics covered 

• Mitigating FSO Path Loss: Strategies to reduce signal attenuation due to free space loss, absorption, and scattering. Solutions such as aperture averaging, diversity techniques, and adaptive optics will be explored to improve performance. 
• Satellite-Based Quantum Communication: A discussion on the challenges of space-to-ground QKD, including sensitivity to atmospheric turbulence, background noise, and high channel losses. The event will highlight global initiatives, including the UK Quantum Communications Hub's upcoming in-orbit demonstration of QKD from a CubeSat to an optical ground station in 2025. 
• Beam Steering and Adaptive Optics: The need for precise pointing, alignment, and tracking to ensure stable and efficient free-space communications, particularly in terrestrial applications where atmospheric distortion must be corrected. 

Join industry experts, researchers, and policymakers as we discuss the future of satellite connectivity, innovative technologies, and the roadmap toward overcoming the barriers to robust and secure satellite-ground communication.