Ofcom Proposes Spectrum to Enhance Communications for Drones, Rail, and Emergency Services

Ofcom has launched a consultation on the future use of the 1900 MHz spectrum band, aiming to maximise its efficiency and support long-term improvements to the UK’s critical national infrastructure.

The 1900 MHz band was originally allocated for mobile services in 2000 but in March 2024, Ofcom completed the process of revoking existing licensees’ access to this spectrum, with a five-year notice period. This change will enable new users to access the band from April 3, 2029.

Future Use of the 1900 MHz Band

Given international developments and technological advancements, Ofcom believes the best use of the 1900–1910 MHz spectrum is for the latest 5G-based Future Rail Mobile Communication System (FRMCS). This system will replace outdated 2G technology, enhancing digital connectivity across the UK’s rail network. By enabling better communication between trains, signalling systems, and railway staff, FRMCS aims to improve network efficiency. Additionally, as these frequencies have been harmonized across Europe for FRMCS, the UK rail industry will benefit from standardised equipment.

Meanwhile, Ofcom proposes that 1910–1915 MHz be used to extend coverage for the Emergency Services Network (ESN). This will be achieved through repeater “gateways” installed on emergency vehicles like ambulances, improving connectivity in difficult-to-reach areas such as underground car parks and remote rural locations. This function was initially planned for 1899.9–1909.9 MHz, but adjustments have been made to align with international spectrum harmonisation.

Managing Risks of Interference

As both proposed uses will support operationally critical services, Ofcom has carefully assessed the risk of interference. The regulator does not anticipate any interference with ESN gateways.

Ofcom’s consultation seeks industry feedback on these proposals to ensure optimal use of the spectrum, benefiting both rail operations and emergency services.

1900–1910 MHz for Rail Communications (FRMCS):

Reserved for operational rail communications.

Technical conditions tailored for FRMCS deployment.

Coordination required between existing and future FRMCS licensees in adjacent areas.

Licences issued through a simplified process with checks on compliance.

1910–1915 MHz for Emergency Services Network (ESN) Gateways:

Restricted to ESN gateway provision by the government-contracted provider (currently BT/EE).

Fixed-term licences aligned with the government contract.

Nationwide use permitted across Great Britain.

Technical conditions consistent with ESN standards.

Ofcom remains open to considering additional future uses of the 1900 MHz band. However, any new applications would need to demonstrate: clear demand for the spectrum, compatibility with the proposed FRMCS and ESN gateway use, coexistence with users in adjacent frequency bands.

While, in theory, railway communications could experience interference from adjacent ESN gateways, Ofcom considers this risk very small. Even in the rare event of interference, any impact is expected to be temporary and limited to reduced performance. Ofcom has also identified potential mitigation measures that could further reduce this risk if needed.

Introduction of UAS Operator Radio Licence for Drones

In addition to the spectrum proposals, Ofcom has introduced a UAS Operator Radio Licence to authorise the use of radio equipment on drones. This licence will enable beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) drone operations by ensuring operators can legally use necessary communication equipment.

The new UAS Operator Radio Licence will:

Cover all drones operated by a company or individual within the UK and territorial waters (but not for international flights).

Be valid indefinitely, subject to an annual £75 licence fee.

Authorise specific radio equipment, including beacons and safety equipment required by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). The list of authorised equipment will be regularly reviewed and updated as technology evolves.

Permit satellite and mobile technologies, with the explicit agreement of network operators. However, transmissions in the 2.6 GHz band will not be allowed.

This licence does not replace the current exemption regime for low-power 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz equipment, which most consumer drones currently use. Drone operators must still comply with CAA air safety regulations and other applicable laws.

Next Steps

Ofcom is seeking stakeholder feedback on these proposals and the technical analysis supporting them. Responses to this consultation will help shape Ofcom’s final decision, which is expected to be published in Q3 2025/2026. If approved, Ofcom will proceed with granting licences in due course.

If you are interested in working with us to respond to these consultations, please contact [email protected] and [email protected]. To note, the Communications Infrastructure and Services Programme is currently exploring broader opportunities to enhance rail connectivity, including ways to improve passenger and business access to reliable mobile and broadband services. We are keen to engage with industry and government to identify practical solutions and drive progress in this area.

To view techUK’s response to the Radio Spectrum Policy Group’s call for opinions on the EU-level policy approach to satellite Direct-to-Device connectivity and related Single Market issues please see here.

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